Sarah Canary :: essays research papers fc

Lilian Heker&8217s &8220The Stolen Party is ab forth a nine-year-old daughter named Rosaura who goes to a rich girl&8217s party. This takes place at a rich girl&8217s house where her mother works as a maid. Rosaura thinks she is Luciana&8217s friend but at the end finds out that they could never be friends because of friendly mannequin difference. The monkey and the magician represent the same kind of relationship between Rosaura and Senora Ines and that is the monkey and Rosaura are both servants, but don&8217t realize it. What is actually going on is both the magician and Senora Ines are winning advantage of them. Symbolism such as the monkey and what the party represents compared to society are utilize in &8220The Stolen Party. Near the middle of the floor it is evident how Lilian feels about the social class system. She compares the party to the social class, and how the rich people are on angiotensin-converting enzyme side and the poorer people are on the opposite side. Heker does not like the social class system and she doesn&8217t want the reader to like it either. This story shows how the people in the story are the same, but still separated by one big gap and that is class status. The first hint to that was when the girl with the prow talked to Rosaura. &8220I and Luciana do our homework together, said Rosaura very seriously. &8220That is not being friends, the bow headed girl said (614). In that quote what the girl with the bow said that Rosaura was not a friend of Luciana&8217s just because you do your homework together. She did not understand what real friends are. She thought that friends were made by the social class you are in, which she probably learned from her parents. This represents Heker&8217s anger about the social class system and she wants you to see how stupid the class system is. another(prenominal) symbolic element that illustrates the theme about social class is how the monkey and the magician have the same relationship as Senora Ines and Rosaura. Senora Ines and the magician are taking advantage of somebody that is clueless as to what is going on. Senora Ines led on Rosaura that she was Luciana&8217s friend, but she was really there to be part of the help. She found out the hard way as she was leaving the party.

Art and Republicanism :: Government Republican Essays

Art and RepublicanismABSTRACT Republicanism is jobed with liberalism with special reference to the notions of presence, absence and representation. The contrast is more conspicuous in the Platonic tradition of republicanism than it is in the Aristotelian tradition, the former being more likely to degenerate into some form of totalitarianism. Examples in that respectof are given in accordance with the distinction between a strong and a soft iconoclasm, as it is found both in ancientness and in Eastern and Western Europes quest for absolute presence oras in avantgarde art of modernityfor absolute self-presence of the report of art. Having left such political and artistic utopias behind it, the pendulum is now swinging back in the direction of representation, but no longer in the visionary sense which has dominated Western art form the Renaissance to the beginning of our century. Tied to the question of iconoclasm is the debate about the end of art inaugurated by Hegel in the gener al introduction to his Aesthetics and resumed in our days.There are two traditions of republicanism, one predominantly Platonic and the other predominantly Aristotelian. Both have several(prenominal) characteristics in honey oil which set them off apart from the tradition of liberalism, such as the paramount concern for morals in politics, or the priority of politics over economics, or the mistrust of growth and riches as well as the preference for poverty over luxury, proximity over distance and around important from the point of view of artsdirect presence over mere representation and immediacy over mediation. Still, surely the overarching characteristic is that of giving the common good of the res publica absolute priority over private interests with consequences such as the rejecting of factions andin the last analysiseven of political parties.But there are also differences. The most important of these is that in the Platonic as opposed to the Aristotelian tradition the issue of self-government of all citizens is, to put it mildly, not prominent. If only for this reason, the danger of sliding into totalitarianism is greater in the Platonic than in the Aristotelian tradition of republicanism. Nevertheless, one could, on the whole, say that totalitarianism is the sexual perversion of republicanism in the same sense that anarchy is the perversion of liberalism. To realize this, one need only bear in mind that, republicanism being fundamentally laughable of political parties as potential factions, it more naturally leads to one-party rule than liberalism does. In addition, the

american character - then and now Essay -- essays research papers

American Character - Then and NowA notion that soothe holds strong today, Fredrick Jackson Turners idea of American disposition was one based on trials and experiences. Unlike Crevecour, Turner believed that American personality was not simply a product of face character transported to America, exactly quite an another idea altogether (Faragher 63). He expressed this opinion the best when he said, In the crucible of the enclosure the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics (Faragher 64). How exactly did American character form and what defines it? Turner answered this question with the Turner thesis, using the concept of the pioneer and the immigrants who followed him to explain the western frontier and its expansion (Faragher 70). The following paragraphs will help describe how American character has manifested itself in todays society by integrating ideas from Frederick Jackson Turner, Charles Wilson Peale, and heroes interpret in different forms of entertainment during the rise and fall of the western frontier. In Rereading America The Significance of the Frontier in American History, ideas from an author of A New Guide for Immigrants (Mid-American Frontier) by the name of Peck were used to further stress the significance of the Turner thesis in our world today (Peck 42). In his book, Peck identified three different stages or booms of western civilization. The first stage is sort of the epitome of what is now recognized to be American character the pioneer or farmer (Peck 43). This was a man who provided for his family by depending on vegetation and hunting. He did not care whether the land he temporarily set-aside(p) was in his ownership or not. When the area became too civilized, the pioneer moved on to make new discoveries and left his soil and house for the new wave of immigrants. Thus, introducing the second stage of western civilization. These immigrants purchas ed the pioneers land and created a way of life best described as frugal and simple, consisting of school houses and move (Peck 44). The third and final stage, labeled as the men of capital and enterprise, is when the small villages created by the immigrants became... ...obstacle (in this case the rocky hill), and do not stop at anything to conquer this challenge. This ad also shows the toughness and rugged individuality of American character seen during the western frontier. By turning 50 miles of the earths toughest into a yard stick, the ad portrays the American man as being capable of doing anything . The Jeep itself is an important product all in its own, providing a sense of occasion and outdoors sporting, this can also be seen in SUVs like the HummerH2 big and bad. (Cosmopolitan, 297)Whether it is an ad, an educational program, or a job interview, the air of American character still echoes throughout America today. It may not be seen in the struggling to provide for ones fa mily in todays society, but kinda the struggling of immigrants from the past helps give America an identity. In the end, American character is not just one aspect of life, particularly the first western frontier, but it consists of many waves of this western frontier, which ironically resulted in its disappearance. Thus, the close of the western frontier opened a new chapter in American life, American character, and the American dream.

War Against Boys :: essays research papers

War Against Boys Fact or Fiction One of the oldest debates in psychology is the nature versus call down debate. Its roots extend far beyond the nineteenth century psychologists such as Freud and Skinner into the beginnings of scientific thought. Even Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato turn to the issue of how personality is formed. Today, a relative consensus has been reached that nature and nurture work in tangent with one another one can have somewhat biological possibilities of which the environment determines the development. In any argona involving gender however, this debate is still strong.In the War Against Boys How mistaken feminism is harming our young men, Christina Hoff Sommers points out that some feminists still support the nurture side of the debate without acknowledging any possibility of a biological influence. Sommers insists on examining the growing number of studies indicating that gender differences argon not all socialized but are bio logical sex differences, just as differences in physiology between the sexes are biologically based. However, in her efforts to show how misguided feminism has become in its search for gender equality, Sommers takes the other extreme of the debate and discounts any differences formed during socialization. Although literature for the biological explanation of gender look is growing, one cannot discount the environmental influences as Sommers does.A Biological ExplanationIf there is one aspect of research in sex differences to which Sommers does justice, it is the research livelihood the differing biology of males and females. She convincingly summarizes the evidence for the biological influence in a clear, concise manner.First, she addresses the cognitive abilities with which a large difference has been shown to favor males or females. Males are on the whole superior to females in visuospatial abilities, especially mental rotation tasks (Halpern, 1992). In fact, Sommers doesnt ment ion this, but the effect size found in this area of sex differences is one of the largest that psychologists study in any field with an effect size of d=0.9 (Halpern, 1992). While not the best at visuospatial skills, females are superior in their verbal skills especially writing, retrieval from long-term memory, and verbal articulation tasks (Halpern, 1992). These cognitive differences do not suppose a cause however. They could break not from biology, but from socialization as the feminists argue.To prove a biological cause is implicated, Sommers has to draw on research that connects biology such as hormones or structural differences to related behaviors and preferences.

Common Sense vs Sociological Sense Essay -- Sociology Analysis

A wide range of people all over the world inaccurately come to the conclusion that sociology is merely, the study of the obvious and the application of coarse sense, this statement could not be further from the truth. Common sense derives from statements such as, opposites attract, however the Sociological sense takes this vox populi and carries out numerous tests to entrap whether it is fact, or fiction.Bauman regards ballpark sense knowledge and ordinary sense understandings as powerful social mechanisms which can fundamentally shape attitudes about the world in which human being decease. Sociology is the social science that studies human behaviour and characteristics based on their development within guild. Common sense however is, what a person has learnt from society due to them being socialised. Michael Jacobson illustrates Baumans opinion of common sense, Defamiliarization shatters the impenetrable walls of common sense that prevents us from experiencing and understand ing the world anew. Baumans argument depicts that humans have grown with societys changes and are now dependent upon common sense due to the lack of interest in exploring the world they live in at greater depths. This is reiterated further as Jacobson continues to exemplify Baumans argument, he always points to the yet undiscovered human potential and the in principle- eternal possibilities waiting to be uncovered by humanity beyond the constraining confines of common sense. Bauman persistently disputes that if the human race was to distance themselves from either beliefs they have heard, or have been raised with, that are originated from common sense they would discover a world of greater potential. I have looked at 3 articles based on educatio... ...at life from unexpected and unexplored angles, constructing the well known as strange. This strategy forms the link between the sociological sense and common sense. Common sense expects the individual to believe in societys concep ts and not further their own understanding by deciphering a certain belief as a sociologist. For instance the common sense belief that opposites attract, when scrutinized it seems that people are more likely to seem attractive if they share things in common with another person than if they had very different beliefs. This is the concept of sociology according to Bauman.Works CitedHurd, G.E & Johnson, T.J (1963) Education and Development. Journal of The Sociological Review. Vol 15, No.1, pp59-7.Jacobsen, M.H and Poder, P. (eds). (2008). The sociology of Zygmunt Bauman challenges and critique . Ashgate Ashgate Publishing Ltd

Common Sense vs Sociological Sense Essay -- Sociology Analysis

A wide range of people all over the world inaccurately come to the conclusion that sociology is merely, the study of the obvious and the application of common land good sense, this statement could not be save from the truth. Common sense derives from statements such as, opposites attract, yet the Sociological sense takes this belief and carries out numerous tests to discover whether it is fact, or fiction.Bauman regards common sense knowledge and common sense understandings as powerful kind mechanisms which can fundamentally shape attitudes about the world in which humans live. Sociology is the social science that studies human behaviour and characteristics based on their development within society. Common sense however is, what a person has learnt from society due to them being socialised. Michael Jacobson illustrates Baumans opinion of common sense, Defamiliarization shatters the impenetrable walls of common sense that prevents us from experiencing and understanding the world anew. Baumans argument depicts that humans have grown with societys changes and are now dependent upon common sense due to the lack of interest in exploring the world they live in at greater depths. This is reiterated further as Jacobson continues to exemplify Baumans argument, he continuously points to the yet undiscovered human potential and the in principle- unlimited possibilities waiting to be uncovered by humanity beyond the constraining confines of common sense. Bauman persistently disputes that if the human race was to distance themselves from any beliefs they have heard, or have been raised with, that are originated from common sense they would discover a world of greater potential. I have looked at three articles based on educatio... ...at life from unexpected and unexplored angles, constructing the well known as hostile. This strategy forms the link between the sociological sense and common sense. Common sense expects the individual to believe in societys concepts and not further their own understanding by deciphering a certain belief as a sociologist. For instance the common sense belief that opposites attract, when scrutinized it seems that people are more likely to seem attractive if they share things in common with another person than if they had very different beliefs. This is the concept of sociology according to Bauman.Works CitedHurd, G.E & Johnson, T.J (1963) Education and Development. diary of The Sociological Review. Vol 15, No.1, pp59-7.Jacobsen, M.H and Poder, P. (eds). (2008). The sociology of Zygmunt Bauman challenges and critique . Ashgate Ashgate Publishing Ltd

Real-Life Problem Faced by the Body Shop

1. 0 INTRODUCTION This report is to address the real-life task set about by The be bring out and how the enigma basin be solved based on the functions of oversight. According to the information provided by The bole snoop website, The be obtain has successfully created an image of being a caring comp any that is in helping to protect the tercet world trifleers and autochthonous peoples. But loafer the cuddly image lies the reality The torso bewrays operations, the body disclose does non help the dilemma of the workers and natural peoples as substantially as put them on a pedestal in order to exploit peoples idealism.Evidence from Whats wrong with the tree trunk cop (1988) say that The Body bring out claims to be helping near third world workers and innate peoples through so-called Trade Not Aid or participation Trade projects. In fact, these be largely a marketing system as less than 1% of sales go to Community Trade producers, and it has been shown that somewhat of these products have been sourced from mainstream commercial markets. This is the existing problem faced by The Body spy. Instead, if the problem of exploiting autochthonic peoples cannot be solved, this leads to some impact on the specified environment especially customers and oblige class.Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, and Coulter (2006) have stated that organisations exist to assemble the inescapably of customers. client is the one who absorbs the organisations output. Consequently, customers testament start to increase the aw arness lead to think seriously about the products they office and to consume less. Customers will ostracise the Body crop until the problem is settled. The evidence is run inton that customers had started to decl are their feeling through the internet. For an example, they posted bad command on The Consumer Trap (Dawson, 2007). For the compact groups, they do a lot of activities or campaign to against The Body Shop.For example, The London Greenpeace Group has started to create awareness to the customers to consume less The Body Shops products as healthful as to command the workers organise together to fight for their rights (Whats wrong with, 1988) The Body Shop has been ordered by a Brazilian courtroom to net income more than US$ 431,000 (? 218,000) to settle labor claims against it by three former employees of its Fair Trade project in the Amazon Rainforest (Tolup, 2006) The Body Shop was included in the list of the Daishowa Boycott List (Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 1995).We can imagine that if by exploiting the original problem still cannot be solved, this whitethorn brace a bad image to the Body Shops organisation. As a result, a goal to reduce exploiting third world workers and indigenous peoples by 85% compared with last few year figures by the 2010 must(prenominal)iness be put in dwelling ho mapping. In order to accomplish the goal, the functions of management are proposed in the wrangleion of this re port. 2. 0 DISCUSSION There are 4 functions identified with management (Fayol, as cited in Robbins et al. , 2006).This report will only discuss 2 function and they are planning and ascendancyling. This is beca theatrical role planning is the primary management function (Jayasheree Pakhare, 2007) to distinguish from (Robbins et al. , 2006). Without planning the management of The Body Shop would not shaft how to be organised. Moreover, planning is the ongoing process of developing the business mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished (Higgins, 1994). Planning can provide deputation to the management of The Body Shop in how they can do in reducing this problem.Mean magic spell, have is the final link to management functions and function of observe work to chequer progress against goal and taking corrective fulfil when required (Bennis, 2003). After the plans are attested, The Body Shops management needs figure to see whether their goal or plans were on target and what future actions to take. So, the Body Shop must start their steps by creating plans which are effective and justly in reducing this event as well as in monitoring activities to make sure that the plans are accurate. 2. 1 PlanningIn reduce exploiting workers and indigenous peoples problem it is proposed that The Body Shop use operable plans. This is because operational plans are short term (Robbins et al. , 2006). This is link because the goal is set to be achievable by 2010. Robbins et al. (2006) stated that thither can be difficult for the manager to open plans for a long period. Evidence stated that this problem had overcome a lot of boycott from customers and pressure groups. Let imagine that if the problem cannot be reduce within the following 2 years how enormous are the unpleasant loss need to bind by The Body Shop.Moreover, operational plans are specific (Robbins et al. , 2006). This meant that specific plans are clearly defined and leave no room for in terpretation or in that respect is no ambiguity with misunderstandings. The specific plans are suggested because the ontogenesis problem is sensitive and must have particular guidelines to go after. The management of Body Shop cannot use flexible or general guidelines to reduce the events. This may overcome more problems and increase more boycott from pressure groups and customers.Allen (1998) stated that operational plans are standing. stand up plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for the problems performed repeatedly and include some policies, eclipses and procedures that must be follow include policies, procedures, method, and rules. The Body Shop must establish a lot of policies or rules to guide their factories managers or supervisor to reduce the exploitation. With the ongoing policies or rules, The Body Shop can keep back the increasable of exploitation as well as can reduce it by 2010.The management of Body Shop can identify of how the goal is to be achieved by to a lower place operational plans (i) Creating a team This team is required to visit the Body Shops factories in different countries to make sure there they do not have problems related to exploitation as well as examine the managers behaviour in containling the workers. When the exploiting problem occurs, the team has to do look into to decide out the reasons. (ii) Establishing a policy to set lower limit and second-rate return The Body Shops organisation must set a minimum fight policy to guide their factories managers.The wages can be set more than the wages set by the government and must be reasonable for the workers. This can ensure the workers will not de dissatisfied with their salary in order to increase their slaying. (iii) Putting in place an pact amidst the indigenous peoples and organisation An agreement must be signed among the indigenous peoples and the Body Shop organisation to safeguard both parties interests. For example, a rule can identify that the on going Trade Not Aid or Community Trade projects must indicate 10%-20% of sales go to Community Trade producers.This is because the Body Shop had already claimed to help them so the Body Shop has kept its promise. (iv) Setting a measurement cover procedure A procedure how the managers select the workers or indigenous peoples to work must be set by the Body Shop organisation. The decision making by the factories managers must follow this standard application procedure. If the workers follow out all the application procedures, the managers cannot abuse the application. (v) Organising social responsibilities The Body Shop can organise scholarship programmes for the indigenous or workers children.In addition, some facilities can be established to provide convenience for workers. For example, providing transportation set up a health clinic or a comminuting hall. Therefore, this kind of social responsibilities can prevent the pressure group and customers continue to boycott the Body Shop . (vi) Introducing a code of ethics The code of ethics provides guidance on everything from the simplest of questions to the most difficult ones on tangled good dilemma. So a code which can guide the manager on how to prevent the exploiting problems can be included.For example, guide the managers to built trust between the workers and indigenous peoples, to define the problem accurately and what is the intention in making decisions. 2. 2 Controlling In this exploiting workers and indigenous peoples problem, the Body Shop is recommend to use the secure process. This is because this process is useful and Robbins et al. (2006) stated that the tick off process including measuring actual performance, comparing actual performance against a standard and taking managerial action to correct the deviation.With this process, the Body Shop requires to measuring its actual performance. The Body Shop advise to measure the actual performance by collecting own(prenominal) observation, statisti cal, oral, and indite reports which is indicated by Allen (1988). After the measurement, the Body Shop can do comparing to determine the degree of variation between actual performance and performance standard with are the goal and the plans suggested above. If the variation is exceeding the acceptable variance, immediate and basic corrective action must be taken by the Body Shop to correct this variance.However, Allen (1988) stated that immediate corrective action is more efficient while basic corrective action is more effective. Thus, the Body Shop must take actions depend on how effective or efficient they target the actions to be. In order to reduce the exploitation, the Body Shop also proposes to use bureaucratic get the hang. This is because bureaucratic controls emphasizes organisational authority and relies on administrative rules, policies and procedures (Robbins et al. , 2006). In the part of planning, there are a lot of plans are that identified with policy, agreement an d procedure.Consequently, The Body Shop must link them together to make sense. However, according to Robbins et al. (2006), managers need suitable tools for monitoring and measuring organisational performance. The tools for haughty organisational performance are called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control. 2. 2. 1 Feedforward Control Feedforward controls allow managers to prevent problems rather than having to correct the problems (Robbins et al. , 2006). The management of The Body Shop must sort out some actions which can prevent the problems occur. Feedforward control is the most desirable type of control.This is because this control can avoid led to waste or damages. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedforward control are (i) Establish some incentives to the workers or indigenous peoples whose performance is up to the task. For example, provide 15months wages per year, health care policies, and transportation. (ii) Provide some reading or guid ance to the factories managers to ensure them has appropriate behavior in controlling the workers. 2. 2. 2 Concurrent Control Concurrent control is the control that takes place while a work activity is in progress (Allen, 2006).In this moment, the management of The Body Shop can monitoring their factories managers and corrects the problem before they become too costly. The actions that the Body Shop can take in concurrent control are (i) Organising a direct supervision. For example, if there have some mistakes in abuse the workers wages or terrible managers behavior, the created team must directly correct them. (ii) Monitoring the managers. When the problem occurs, the Body Shop should organise a seminar to brief the managers in monitoring any problems that should be corrected.This can prevent more expenses need to bear before the misleading problems become more complex. 2. 2. 3 Feedback Control In feedback control, the control takes place after the activities are done (Robbins et a l. , 2006). Feedback control is the most popular control. This is because feedback control can provide information on how effective their planning efforts were as well as enhance workers motivation. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedback control are (i) After the goal is achieved, the created team necessity does move visits to their progeny or factories in different countries.In this visits, the Body Shop will receive some useful or meaningful information to formulating new plans. (ii) calculate some survey for the workers. The survey maybe about the behavior of the managers. Through these kinds of visits and survey, the Body Shop organisation can understand whether the managers still follow the policy, agreement or procedure or not. 3. 0 CONCLUSION To reduce the exploiting workers and indigenous peoples problem, the Body Shop must indicated planning and controlling. The evidence stated that planning and controlling are the most important and useful ways to reduce th e problem.In planning, the operational plans which are short term, specific and standing are suggested. However, in controlling, the process of control and bureaucratic control is more appropriate in achieve the goal. Moreover, the tools for controlling organisational performance called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control also are suggested for the Body Shop organisation. 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION Therefore, there are 5 recommendations for the Body Shop organisation (i) Creating a team (ii) Establishing a policy to set minimum and fair wages iii) Putting in place an agreement between the indigenous peoples and organisation (iv) Provide incentives to workers and indigenous peoples (v) Organising direct supervision References Allen, G. (1998). Planning Process. oversight modern. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http//ollie. dcccd. edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/2planning/plng_process/plng_process. htm Bennis, W. (2003). On worthy a Leader. Trump Mediaeval Alfred A. Knopf , Inc Carroll, S. J. & Gillen, D. J. (1987). Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 38-51. Dawson, M. (2007).Behind the Green greater omentum Notes from Stan Cox. The Consumer Trap. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from www. consumertrap. com Higgins, J. (1994). The Management Challenge, Macmillan Author. Jayashree Pakhare, (2007). Management Concepts- The Four Functions of Management. Business & Finance. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management. html Lubicon Lake Indian Nation. (1995). Daishowa Boycott List Update. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http//www. nisto. com/cree/lubicon/1995/19950909. html Robbins, S. , Bergman, R. , Stagg, I. , & Coulter, M. (2006).Foundation of Management. Australia Pearson Education. The London Greenpeace Group. (1988). Whats Wrong With The Body Shop? A reproach Of Green Consumerism. McLibel confirm Campaign. R etrieved April 20, 2008 from http//www. mcspotlight. org/beyond/companies/bs_ref. html Tolup, A. (2006). Brazilian and British courts order Body Shop to pay Brazilian Projects former workers. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http//www. brazzilmag. com/content/view/7629/53/ defend Community Trade Whats happening in the US. (2007). Our Values. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http http//www. thebodyshop. com/bodyshop/values/support_community_trade. jspReal-Life Problem Faced by the Body Shop1. 0 INTRODUCTION This report is to address the real-life problem faced by The Body Shop and how the problem can be solved based on the functions of management. According to the information provided by The Body Shop website, The Body Shop has successfully created an image of being a caring company that is in helping to protect the third world workers and indigenous peoples. But behind the cuddly image lies the reality The Body Shops operations, the Body Shop does not help the dilemma of the workers and indigenous peoples as well as put them on a pedestal in order to exploit peoples idealism.Evidence from Whats wrong with the Body Shop (1988) stated that The Body Shop claims to be helping some third world workers and indigenous peoples through so-called Trade Not Aid or Community Trade projects. In fact, these are largely a marketing strategy as less than 1% of sales go to Community Trade producers, and it has been shown that some of these products have been sourced from mainstream commercial markets. This is the existing problem faced by The Body Shop. Instead, if the problem of exploiting indigenous peoples cannot be solved, this leads to some impact on the specified environment especially customers and pressure group.Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, and Coulter (2006) have stated that organisations exist to assemble the needs of customers. Customer is the one who absorbs the organisations output. Consequently, customers will start to increase the awareness need to think seriously about the products they use and to consume less. Customers will boycott the Body Shop until the problem is settled. The evidence is seen that customers had started to declare their feeling through the internet. For an example, they posted bad command on The Consumer Trap (Dawson, 2007). For the pressure groups, they do a lot of activities or campaign to against The Body Shop.For example, The London Greenpeace Group has started to create awareness to the customers to consume less The Body Shops products as well as to command the workers organise together to fight for their rights (Whats wrong with, 1988) The Body Shop has been ordered by a Brazilian court to pay more than US$ 431,000 (? 218,000) to settle labor claims against it by three former employees of its Fair Trade project in the Amazon Rainforest (Tolup, 2006) The Body Shop was included in the list of the Daishowa Boycott List (Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 1995).We can imagine that if by exploiting the indigenous problem still canno t be solved, this may cause a bad image to the Body Shops organisation. As a result, a goal to reduce exploiting third world workers and indigenous peoples by 85% compared with last few year figures by the 2010 must be put in place. In order to accomplish the goal, the functions of management are proposed in the discussion of this report. 2. 0 DISCUSSION There are 4 functions identified with management (Fayol, as cited in Robbins et al. , 2006).This report will only discuss 2 function and they are planning and controlling. This is because planning is the primary management function (Jayasheree Pakhare, 2007) to distinguish from (Robbins et al. , 2006). Without planning the management of The Body Shop would not know how to be organised. Moreover, planning is the ongoing process of developing the business mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished (Higgins, 1994). Planning can provide direction to the management of The Body Shop in how they can do in reducing this problem.Meanwhile, control is the final link to management functions and function of monitoring work to check progress against goal and taking corrective action when required (Bennis, 2003). After the plans are established, The Body Shops management needs control to see whether their goal or plans were on target and what future actions to take. So, the Body Shop must start their steps by creating plans which are effective and powerful in reducing this event as well as in monitoring activities to make sure that the plans are accurate. 2. 1 PlanningIn reduce exploiting workers and indigenous peoples problem it is proposed that The Body Shop use operational plans. This is because operational plans are short term (Robbins et al. , 2006). This is link because the goal is set to be achievable by 2010. Robbins et al. (2006) stated that there can be difficult for the manager to established plans for a long period. Evidence stated that this problem had overcome a lot of boycott from cu stomers and pressure groups. Let imagine that if the problem cannot be reduce within the following 2 years how enormous are the unpleasant loss need to bear by The Body Shop.Moreover, operational plans are specific (Robbins et al. , 2006). This meant that specific plans are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation or there is no ambiguity with misunderstandings. The specific plans are suggested because the exploitation problem is sensitive and must have particular guidelines to go after. The management of Body Shop cannot use flexible or general guidelines to reduce the events. This may overcome more problems and increase more boycott from pressure groups and customers.Allen (1998) stated that operational plans are standing. Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for the problems performed repeatedly and include some policies, rules and procedures that must be follow include policies, procedures, method, and rules. The Body Shop must establish a lot of po licies or rules to guide their factories managers or supervisor to reduce the exploitation. With the ongoing policies or rules, The Body Shop can prevent the increasable of exploitation as well as can reduce it by 2010.The management of Body Shop can identify of how the goal is to be achieved by below operational plans (i) Creating a team This team is required to visit the Body Shops factories in different countries to make sure there they do not have problems related to exploitation as well as examine the managers behaviour in controlling the workers. When the exploiting problem occurs, the team has to do research to find out the reasons. (ii) Establishing a policy to set minimum and fair wages The Body Shops organisation must set a minimum wages policy to guide their factories managers.The wages can be set more than the wages set by the government and must be fair for the workers. This can ensure the workers will not de dissatisfied with their salary in order to increase their per formance. (iii) Putting in place an agreement between the indigenous peoples and organisation An agreement must be signed between the indigenous peoples and the Body Shop organisation to safeguard both parties interests. For example, a rule can identify that the ongoing Trade Not Aid or Community Trade projects must indicate 10%-20% of sales go to Community Trade producers.This is because the Body Shop had already claimed to help them so the Body Shop has kept its promise. (iv) Setting a standard application procedure A procedure how the managers select the workers or indigenous peoples to work must be set by the Body Shop organisation. The decision making by the factories managers must follow this standard application procedure. If the workers fulfill all the application procedures, the managers cannot abuse the application. (v) Organising social responsibilities The Body Shop can organise scholarship programmes for the indigenous or workers children.In addition, some facilities ca n be established to provide convenience for workers. For example, providing transportation set up a health clinic or a comminuting hall. Therefore, this kind of social responsibilities can prevent the pressure group and customers continue to boycott the Body Shop. (vi) Introducing a code of ethics The code of ethics provides guidance on everything from the simplest of questions to the most difficult ones on complex ethical dilemma. So a code which can guide the manager on how to prevent the exploiting problems can be included.For example, guide the managers to built trust between the workers and indigenous peoples, to define the problem accurately and what is the intention in making decisions. 2. 2 Controlling In this exploiting workers and indigenous peoples problem, the Body Shop is recommend to use the control process. This is because this process is useful and Robbins et al. (2006) stated that the control process including measuring actual performance, comparing actual performan ce against a standard and taking managerial action to correct the deviation.With this process, the Body Shop requires to measuring its actual performance. The Body Shop advise to measure the actual performance by collecting personal observation, statistical, oral, and written reports which is indicated by Allen (1988). After the measurement, the Body Shop can do comparing to determine the degree of variation between actual performance and performance standard with are the goal and the plans suggested above. If the variation is exceeding the acceptable variance, immediate and basic corrective action must be taken by the Body Shop to correct this variance.However, Allen (1988) stated that immediate corrective action is more efficient while basic corrective action is more effective. Thus, the Body Shop must take actions depend on how effective or efficient they target the actions to be. In order to reduce the exploitation, the Body Shop also proposes to use bureaucratic control. This i s because bureaucratic controls emphasizes organisational authority and relies on administrative rules, policies and procedures (Robbins et al. , 2006). In the part of planning, there are a lot of plans are that identified with policy, agreement and procedure.Consequently, The Body Shop must link them together to make sense. However, according to Robbins et al. (2006), managers need suitable tools for monitoring and measuring organisational performance. The tools for controlling organisational performance are called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control. 2. 2. 1 Feedforward Control Feedforward controls allow managers to prevent problems rather than having to correct the problems (Robbins et al. , 2006). The management of The Body Shop must sort out some actions which can prevent the problems occur. Feedforward control is the most desirable type of control.This is because this control can avoid led to waste or damages. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedforward control are (i) Establish some incentives to the workers or indigenous peoples whose performance is up to the task. For example, provide 15months wages per year, health care policies, and transportation. (ii) Provide some training or guidance to the factories managers to ensure them has appropriate behavior in controlling the workers. 2. 2. 2 Concurrent Control Concurrent control is the control that takes place while a work activity is in progress (Allen, 2006).In this moment, the management of The Body Shop can monitoring their factories managers and corrects the problem before they become too costly. The actions that the Body Shop can take in concurrent control are (i) Organising a direct supervision. For example, if there have some mistakes in abuse the workers wages or terrible managers behavior, the created team must directly correct them. (ii) Monitoring the managers. When the problem occurs, the Body Shop should organise a seminar to brief the managers in monitor ing any problems that should be corrected.This can prevent more expenses need to bear before the misleading problems become more complex. 2. 2. 3 Feedback Control In feedback control, the control takes place after the activities are done (Robbins et al. , 2006). Feedback control is the most popular control. This is because feedback control can provide information on how effective their planning efforts were as well as enhance workers motivation. The actions that the Body Shop can take in feedback control are (i) After the goal is achieved, the created team necessity does surprise visits to their outlet or factories in different countries.In this visits, the Body Shop will receive some useful or meaningful information to formulating new plans. (ii) Organise some survey for the workers. The survey maybe about the behavior of the managers. Through these kinds of visits and survey, the Body Shop organisation can understand whether the managers still follow the policy, agreement or proce dure or not. 3. 0 CONCLUSION To reduce the exploiting workers and indigenous peoples problem, the Body Shop must indicated planning and controlling. The evidence stated that planning and controlling are the most important and useful ways to reduce the problem.In planning, the operational plans which are short term, specific and standing are suggested. However, in controlling, the process of control and bureaucratic control is more appropriate in achieve the goal. Moreover, the tools for controlling organisational performance called feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control also are suggested for the Body Shop organisation. 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION Therefore, there are 5 recommendations for the Body Shop organisation (i) Creating a team (ii) Establishing a policy to set minimum and fair wages iii) Putting in place an agreement between the indigenous peoples and organisation (iv) Provide incentives to workers and indigenous peoples (v) Organising direct supervision Refer ences Allen, G. (1998). Planning Process. Management modern. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http//ollie. dcccd. edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/2planning/plng_process/plng_process. htm Bennis, W. (2003). On Becoming a Leader. Trump Mediaeval Alfred A. Knopf, Inc Carroll, S. J. & Gillen, D. J. (1987). Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 38-51. Dawson, M. (2007).Behind the Green Veil Notes from Stan Cox. The Consumer Trap. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from www. consumertrap. com Higgins, J. (1994). The Management Challenge, Macmillan Author. Jayashree Pakhare, (2007). Management Concepts- The Four Functions of Management. Business & Finance. Retrieved April 26, 2008 from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management. html Lubicon Lake Indian Nation. (1995). Daishowa Boycott List Update. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http//www. nisto. com/cree/lubicon/1995/19950909. html Robbins, S. , Bergman, R. , Stagg, I. , & Coulter, M. (2006).Foundation of Management. Australia Pearson Education. The London Greenpeace Group. (1988). Whats Wrong With The Body Shop? A Criticism Of Green Consumerism. McLibel Support Campaign. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http//www. mcspotlight. org/beyond/companies/bs_ref. html Tolup, A. (2006). Brazilian and British courts order Body Shop to pay Brazilian Projects former workers. Retrieved April 15, 2008 from http//www. brazzilmag. com/content/view/7629/53/ Support Community Trade Whats happening in the US. (2007). Our Values. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http http//www. thebodyshop. com/bodyshop/values/support_community_trade. jsp

Children in Crisis Essay

When peerless thinks of people in crisis, children atomic number 18 usually the furthest thing from their mind. The fact is that children break crisis just the resembling as adults. The difference is that their coping skills are limited repayable to the fact that their brains are not fully developed and their cognitive abilities are limited. Children endure crisis in all kinds of ways. Some move over been traumatized due to a natural disaster, others by divorce, death, foster care, bronchial asthma or because of a mental disorder. This report card will discuss some of the different types of crisis that children endure and the effect that the crisis has had on their loves.Children in Crisis Everyone has encountered a crisis at some point in their life. What might be a crisis for one indivi duple is not a crisis for another. A crisis burn be defined as a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the persons current resources and coping mechanisms (James, 2008, p. 3). If an individual does not stop supporter with overcoming their crisis then the crisis could get down a severe impact on their behavior as well as their cognitive cognitive operation. James, 2008) A crisis becomes a crisis in ones life because they do not have the k directlyledge of how to handle or deal with their current situation. They are often times paralyzed aflamely and mentally which leaves them olfactory propertying out of control of their lives. When one thinks of people in crisis, children do not usually cross their mind. The truth of the matter is that children endure crisis just like adults do. Most adult who experience a crisis are inefficient to help their self and they definitely are not going to be able to help their children.Children do not have the same coping skills as adults and often times end up needing psychiatric treatment as a result of crisis in their lives. Children can endure crisis in many ways. Some, bu t not all, of these ways are through experiencing natural/ celluloid disasters, others by divorce of their parents, death of a friend or relative, beingness placed in foster care, having a childhood illness such as asthma or because of a mental disorder. These children, like adults, need help to therapeutically process through the crisis in their lives.Crisis nearly always means that one has lost someone or something. Children need help accepting their losses and expressing their painful emotions in appropriate ways. Children are resilient, but they also experience feelings of fear, anxiety, guilt, anger and sorrow. It is important to help children substantiate that enduring crisis is an opportunity to see immortal at work in their life. Types of Crisis That Children Endure A natural or man-made disaster is something that many children across the United States have had to deal with. many another(prenominal) of these disasters have been compounded by having a crisis within a cri sis. An example of this would be the traumatic events of September 11, 2001. This was a crisis that no one was prepared for and unfortunately because of those who died in this horrible attack, many children were left without one or both of their parents. These type of events leave children terrified, not only by the event, but by their protest thoughts and feelings (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1005) regarding the event. Children who experience this type of crisis often seem as though they have lost touch with reality.They might not be able to clearly conk about the crisis and many times are mistakenly labeled as poor historians (Gaffney, 2006) because they are not able to sequence the event correctly. This is because the childs brains readiness to process, retain, and recall information has been compromised by the trauma (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1006). They have trouble identifying their feelings and placing appropriate emotions with those feelings. This leaves the child with unresolved issues and a picture in their mind that they are unable to verbally describe.It is expected that children who endure this type of trauma will exhibit transient to long-term behavior counterchanges (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1010). This behavioural change can be anything from biting their lip to withdrawing socially. In order for the child to begin the healing process after a natural or man-made disaster, one must help them to understand that they will never forget the people or things they have lost, but their pain will become easier as time goes by. Divorce is another crisis that many children endure that leaves them in a shattered world of hopes and dreams.Divorce for a child means that life as they once knew it will never be the same. Children who have parents that divorce often times have to begin living new lives. They are required to align to two different standards of living which represent two different sets of values. These children are experiencing conflict at all times due to having d isgruntled parents. These parents lose their ability to support their children because they are focused on their own feelings of not being supported by their spouse. Divorce can create loyalty issues for the children and cause them to feel as though they have to take sides and dislike the other parent.A divorce can interrupt a childs emotional and educational development. A childs age will cause them to respond to divorce differently. Preschool children have an incomplete and confused understanding of what has caused such a constitutional change in the family routine (Henning, 1977, p. 55). The childs ability to cope is very limited and the most common emotion that they experience is fear. They are unable to verbalize their feelings, but replay pictures in their mind of the verbal and sometimes physically abuse they have witnessed.School aged children are magical thinkers and go steady the parents getting back together by working out their problems. These children are easily manip ulated by gifts or tokens and like the idea of being able to get whatever they want (Henning, 1977) from the other parent. These children often worry about who will care for them if the other parent dies or becomes ill. Adolescent children are more inclined(predicate) to experience anger and depression during times of divorce. These children are more apt to participate in deviant behavior as a way of expressing their emotions concerning the divorce.Their academics erect and students who were making good grades begin to fail. The biggest issue for children during the divorce process is that the adults involved in marital strife are not looking for ways in which to help their children adjust to the transition, but are searching for ways to implement their own personal life readjustment (Henning, 1997, p. 56). Experiencing divorce can actually be a form of death in a childs life. The death of a parent, friend or loved one is one of the most disturbing experiences that a child will ev er face.Death, especially of a parent, leaves the child feeling scared and alone. They do not believe that others truly understand what they are feeling. They desire for the one they have lost to return to them. This often leaves the child with painful memories of their loved one. Children will cry easily, lose interest in eating, or experience physical discomfort (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1008). In order for these children to heal, they must first deal with the symptoms they are experiencing as a result of their traumatic event. and then they must have help walking through the grieving process. Gaffney, 2006) This same grieving process is experienced by children who have been placed into foster care. Although their parents have not physically died, their life as they once knew it has. It is reported that approximately 40,000 children in the United States live in out-of-home residential care facilities (Ulrich, 2005, p. 13). This does not involve the number of children that are entering t herapeutic foster homes on a daily basis. These children are removed from their homes, families and environments to be placed in unfamiliar surroundings. indeed these children are expected to flourish.These children enter into a state of crisis because they feel that both them and the situation are about to be out of control (Smiar, 1992, p. 149). They are told that they now have a new family, will start a new school, and have to make new friends. They are told by their caseworker that they can cuss them. Then the child finds out that the caseworker has moved on and a new caseworker has been assigned to their case. This was the individual who was supposed to be responsible for their safety, stability, public assistance and permanence (Strolin-Goltzman, 2010, p. 7), all the same they are now gone. This creates problems related to emotional and physical stability for these children. They have lost trust in the adults in their life due to a series of unhealthy relationships and tak e on a non-caring attitude. This non-caring attitude will often cost the child their current placement mainly if the family is not prepared to handle aggressive, defiant behavior. These particular children spend the remainder of their time in foster care moving from placement to placement.Their life is forever changed at the hand of caring adults who want them to experience a better life. It is the constant changing in ones life along with unresolved emotional issues that cause these children to end up in a psychiatric facility and then diagnosed with a mental disorder. According to research ,one in 5 children has a diagnosable mental health or addictive disorders, and 2 in 10 has a serious emotional disturbance that significantly impairs functioning at school, at home and in the community (Mellin, 2009, p. 501).It is suggested that the prevalence of serious emotional disorders is higher among children who are in state custody than in the full general population (Lyons, 1997, p. 3 12). This is due to the risk factors involved prior to the children being placed into foster care and because of the separation from their biological families which have now created emotional and behavioral problems in the childs life. The childs behavior can become out of control and beyond what a therapeutic home can provide for. It is at this time that they are referred to the psychiatric hospital.These hospitals become a place of transition into a residential treatment facility. Once again, these children have endured yet another move. They have now been given a diagnosis that leaves them with the assumption that they are crazy and beyond repair. Many children end up with a dual diagnosis because of genetic disorders or childhood illness. One childhood illness that creates crisis in a childs life is asthma and the current prevalence of doctor-diagnosed childhood in the United States is estimated as 7% (Nicholas, 2005, p. 245).Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistl ing sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing usually occurs at night or early in the morning. Children with asthma often have to reduce or limit their play due to their asthmatic symptoms. During an aggressive asthma attack, these children are not able to breath appropriately and are faced with a fear of death. It is for this reason that they must have an asthma action political program in place, take their prescribed medications, and live in a preventative environment.It is important for the families of children with asthma to create a safe and healthy environment for them to live in. This can be done by eliminating tobacco smoke, animal dander, using dust covers for bed mattresses, and making sure that the home is free from pest and rodents. These stairs are prevention measures only, they do not eliminate the crisis the child can experience due to not being able to breathe appropriately. Children with asthma would reach from thera peutic services while learning to cope with their childhood disease.

Pepsi Refresh Project Essay

1. Should the Pepsi send team continue to fund Pepsi refurbish purge in 2011?Pepsi brand team should keep this Refresh project for maintaining and strengthen Pepsis brand position in soda market. The Pepsi Refresh Project is a first-of-its-kind initiative, positioning as a consumer brand, and directly respond to the evolving needs of consumers and their preferred methods of communication such as facebook, twitter, blog, and etc. The program effectively changed the way brands talk to consumers, leveraging the power of digital and marketing platforms, moving away from traditional marketing methods. Rather than spending hundreds, thousands of dollars denote Pepsi on media, we believe that Pepsi ought to relegate that money to create more important contents with refresh project, which can lead to deeper engagement and strong relationship among Pepsi and customers.The Refresh project could be evaluated by the level of engagement between the brand and consumers, social ROI and brand- equity results. By these evaluations and study, Pepsi Refresh Project program showed that consumers felt Pepsi was a brand that cares ab protrude the community. And also the program was a strong watch with their perception of Pepsi as a frontier of idea bank or so social issues, and innovative brand. It did not generate the result as an increasing of sales revenue, exactly still it is valuable because consumers that whitethorn be able to remind about the Pepsi Refresh Project when choosing a cola Pepsi. Social network that Pepsi developed includes the largest engaged fan base of any beverage company active in US. And these fans are not only potential customers for purchasing Pepsis product, but also could be friendly allied customers when Pepsi shrinks.In addition, these evaluations and study showed both how Refresh project could be enormously successful and not successful. When Pepsi launched it and pul conduct out of the top-notch Bowl advertising, which they never missed fo r last 23 years, customers lost their mind, because watching a Pepsisadvertisement during the superintendent Bowl is part of the heathenish see of the game. It showed the power of making a big commitment to these causes. People rattling responded and said Pepsi is a good company by Refresh project, but at the same time, obviously, sales didnt rise up. The mass who got excited and voted and posted were often not Pepsi drinkers. It showed that the Refresh project was not related to what they really have meant for its really hard to get nearlything good to help Pepsis real purpose at the same time. Eventually, Pepsis market touch has been crashed down on 3rd from the second position after pulled out of 2010 Super Bowl advertising.Nonetheless, because of building brand equity doesnt translate into an adjacent ROI, they should keep their Refresh project in 2011, treating as a big brand investment. But in the end, this Refresh project should be formatted some contrary way to be l inked to sales in consumers mind in 2011.2. If the Pepsi team continues to fund Pepsi Refresh in 2011, what changes would you make to the program to better discover the brands objectives?Refresh project has benefited from notable customers interest from being the first mover of a radical approach. While innovative, Pepsi has some missed opportunities. For an instance, Pepsi missed opportunity to integrate Super Bowl TV advertising with Refresh campaign and to spur word-of-mouth chatter about its Refresh initiative. Pepsis biggest misstep was roamting all its eggs in one basket and not benefiting from synergies of multiple media channels. From 2011, Pepsi should have relegated an appropriate amount of TV advertising budget to Pepsi Refresh for encouraging submitting ideas, voting and sharing their goals.In addition, Pepsi needs to believe in optimism and the power of people and their ideas to make better understanding what the Pepsi brand could be. Pepsi has been at the center of g reat cultural shifts across many generations. From 2011, Pepsi has to continue to measure success through its brand health metrics. By doubling the heel of grants, Pepsi can extend their social impact to more individuals and communities. Since Pepsi RefreshProject helped increased key brand health metrics in 2010, Pepsi needs to live deeper consumer engagement and more user conversation through refresheverything.com site as well as the Pepsi challenge and power voting. Interaction with the campaigns website may significantly increase brand attributes including favorability, intent and trust along with intent to purchase among millennials. For example, posting as if you purchase Pepsi, you support the Pepsi Refresh Project on every Pepsis websites, blogs, and other digital social network windows and pages, it would make even deeper connection between Pepsi brands and consumers.3. Should Pepsi advertise the Pepsi Refresh Project on the 2011 Super Bowl?We conclude that Pepsi should a dvertise commercials on the 2011 Super bowl with brilliant ideas and creativities as they had been done for last 23 years rather than focusing on arousing public opinions by Refresh project. Pepsis Refresh project is still good investment for their brand as well as to arouse peoples interest, but not on sales.First of all, the Pepsi Refresh Project did not directly contribute to sales increase of Pepsi. Pepsis top focal point was confused with the concept of brand and the sales. Although the Pepsi Refresh Project might have improved the brand image of the soda maker, however consumers lost touch with Pepsi commercials which led to the steep decrease of Pepsi sales. Brian Charneski, a representative of sixteen independent bottlers in the Pacific North west, expressed concern People feel good about the Pepsi Refresh Project and I think its neat, but it doesnt translate to Im going to buy a Pepsi.Second, the Pepsi Refresh Project failed to attract the main target customers. Their orig inal target customer were millennials(age 17 27) who were not as familiar with Pepsi as Boomers(age 41 60) or Generation Xers(age 28 40), but who have the great potential to consume Pepsi for the next couples of years. However, when we analyze Pepsi Refresh Project Voters breakdown, number of votes from Boomers and Generation Xers exceed that of millennials against Pepsis expectation. When we also confront at Grantee Breakdown, non-profits organization grantees exceed individuals, which meansthat the Refresh project program wasnt directly attracting the right customers- both idea submitters and voters. This is neutral event however, non-profits organization grantees neither guarantee that they will spend a certain portion of Pepsi nor it will give rise to drink more Pepsi even though investing a lot of effort to advertise that Pepsi is taking care of consumers health.Third, Pepsi do not underestimate the importance of traditional media programs rather than social media programs. Although Pepsi put a great amount of money to social media programs, most consumers cared more about coupons and grantees rather than Pepsis original purpose that the on-line consumers are advance to blog about Pepsis efforts to increase awareness of their causes. Besides, consumers who took part in the Pepsi Refresh Project on-line stayed at the Pepsi website less than four minutes on the average. However, the traditional media people think about the effective and fun method which can foster the sales of Pepsi once they make a contract with Pepsi. Besides, the solve of traditional media on consumers is still effective.Lastly, Super Bowls influence on Americans and the whole world is gigantic. Super Bowl is not only a great Sports game, but also a great festival where people make happy memories with their friends, family and colleagues. The Super Bowl is a preeminent advertising arena, livery in 100 million viewers anticipating the debut of new advertising during the game. Thirt y-second advertising spots cost $2.5 to $ 3 million, and Pepsi had spent $143 million on Super Bowl advertising between 1999 and 2008. Consumers were deeply attached to Pepsis appearing in the Super Bowl, viewing it as part of the cultural experience of the game. People expect a fun and brilliant commercial than dull and serious ads such as the Pepsi Refresh Project on a Super Bowl. Actually Pepsi went back to their original commercial tradition, so they put three commercials Pepsi max Love Hurts, First Date, and Torpedo Cooler.4. Supplements1. 2011 Super bowl Advertisement Pepsi slime Love Hurts (www.youtube.com/watch?v=deS6x0BLZrY) Pepsi Max First Date (www.youtube.com/watch?v=YalrseH-rB8) Pepsi Max Torpedo Cooler (www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ltgsp7QwKU)2. Stock market Price-earnings Ratio / Coca Cola & PepsiCo / 2009-current

What is Behaviorism?

In the United States, there are two conflicting psychology schools of thought. The first is the introspective psychology which has also been considered as speculative psychology and the other cosmos behaviorism psychology, which is also considered as objective psychology. Although introspective psychology has long been true in the area of psychology, behaviorism has not only if begun to gain more ground among psychologists but it has also begun to contest and question the premise of introspective psychology and their method of analysis and research.It was only during the 19th century that development of the field of psychology began to become evident through the efforts of Wundt who is considered to be the father of experimental psychology. Wanting to find a resolve on the mind-body problem, Wundt decided in 1879 to develop psychology as a science rather than a field of study associated with philosophy. He substituted the term soul with the concept of the consciousness and in conclusion developed the introspective approach in the study of psychology.According to this approach to the study of psychology, the consciousness of the individual is the primary subject function of psychology which led to psychologists such as William James to define psychology as the study aimed to describe and explain the various states of an individuals consciousness. In order to do this, psychologists observe the consciousness through catching it as it occurs. This school of thought had become highly accepted that it had reached the United States from Germany and became the dominant manikin of psychological analysis in American universities.Among the most noted introspective psychologists in the United States were E. B. Thchener of Cornell University and William James of Harvard University. In 1912, a new group of psychologist emerged. These were the behaviorists or behavioral psychologists. They began to see the shortcomings of introspective psychology. As a result, beha vioral psychologists decided that the information being discovered and disseminated are no longer sufficient and they began to realise their own methods for the study of psychology.The first thing done by behavioral psychologists was to change the subject matter of the field of psychology. Because the consciousness is deemed to be unobserv equal, they began to search for approximately characteristic or trait of individuals that could be observed. It was then that they began to observe the behavior of individuals which has been defined as what an individual says or does. Hence, this approach of the study of psychology as the behaviorism school of psychology. Behaviorism has also been considered as the objective approach to the study of psychology.This is because behavioral psychologists gather facts about an individuals behavior and psychoanalyse the data through the use of logic and mathematics. This is why behaviorism has been defined as a natural science that is interested in t he adjustments done by individuals through the study of changes in the physiological conditions of the individual which they termed as the stimuli and the response the individual would have as a result of the stimulus presented. Based on the studies done by behavioral psychologists, there are four kinds of responses exhibited by individuals.The first kind of response is classified advertisement as overt or outside(a) responses. These responses are those responses that the individual in consciously aware of such as the act of sitting, standing or walking. The second kind of response is termed as interior or implicit responses. These responses are more difficult to observe since they involve responses that occur within the body of the individual such as digestion in the venter of the individual after the individual takes in food. The third type of response is the unlearned response which refers to instinctive responses to stimuli such as breathing.The last form is classified as le arned response which includes the habits done by the individual such as observed when an individual sits, facial reactions and hand gestures while communicating. Analysis Up to the 1900s, the study of the human psyche was hindered by the teachings of religion. Even today, people remain to be apprehensive if the new information that is presented is contrary to the generally accepted belief. covert then, it was the teachings of the Church that provided answers and explanations to life and the universe.This is why despite the desire of Wundt to establish psychology as a branch of science, the influence dualism had on him while he was outgrowth up provided him a subject matter that cannot be observed. As a result, all the observations done and the theories conceptualized based on these observations were viewed as speculative and were frequently contested by fellow psychologists. Behaviorism psychology developed as a result of a group of psychologists who realized that the only their theories would not be supersensitive to much speculation from their peers is by substantiating these theories with verifiable data and results.This could only be done if their subject matter could be observed. Seeing that they would be able to observe the behavior of individuals, these psychologists broke away from the accepted notion that the consciousness of the individual is the basis of the study of psychology and instead viewed that it is the behavior, and not the consciousness, of the individual that is the strand subject of study of psychology.Today, it is clear to see that behaviorism has superseded introspective psychology as the practiced school of psychology with the association of the field of psychology as the field of science that is associated with the study of an individuals behavioral patterns and the causes for such behavioral patterns to arise. This does not mean to say that introspective psychologists failed to contribute to the current accepted school of psych ology. On the contrary, introspective psychologists paved the way for psychology to develop as it is known today.Through the introduction of the introspective school of psychology, men in the field of neurology and the other sciences were presented a field of study that would allow them to understand the human psyche and the human mind more comprehensively. Being men of science, they would eventually find loopholes to a theory or finding made by one of their peers. This would result to them further studying the human mind. It was through this process that behavioral psychologists were able to date the shortcoming of this field of science.As a result, behaviorism through the scientific method used to validate assumptions may be able to determine just how close the speculations stipulated by the introspective psychologists were in their assumptions about the human mind and psyche. Finally, the development of behaviorism shows that psychology is continuously evolving. This is because the subject matter being studied is the human mind, which is considered as the most complex body part of one of the most complex, if not the most complex, organisms on this planet.

Barnesandnoble.com & Technology

Technology and internet made life much efficient nowadays. place of innovation is the integration of websites where one can buy intelligences that they need and have it shipped directly at their doorstep. Barnes and solemn is one of the most trusted site when it comes to online discussionselling. This constitution aims to evaluate the website along with its duty model, ethical, legal and security issues. A discussion will overly be presented on how the website uses communication technologies in both effectual and non effective ways. One of the largest book chains stores in the US has been Barnes and Noble.It started as a local book store and find ways to make book buying more convenient by creating their own website. Online booking selling seems to have one disadvantage over store book selling. The customers in the stores ar able to feel the book and read excerpts of the book. In such a circumstance, they would be more interested in buying the book and would find the book its moneys worth. With time, the internet is beginning to change, and many of the manufacturers are beginning to show case the product and actually permit the customer to sample it employ the internet.With the bookshelf model, it does seem that it would be costly to get the investment to setup the place, build shelves and get the logistics. In comparison, an online store does not require much of investment and infrastructure. The customer can access the online bookstore from almost any part of the world and can select the book. The user would need only a computer, an Internet connection, and a membership username and within a short period of time the product would be delivered to the house. Studies have shown that when the price of a product was lowered, below the willingness to pay, the customer is more likely to obtain the product.The customer would obtain the product satisfactorily, if the price equals the willingness to pay. The customer would not be happy if the price of the product is higher than the willingness to pay. Barnes and Noble has a good reputation and has it stores located in various parts of the US. People are paying more money for Barnes and Noble products because it is more renowned and started as a local store. Barnes and Noble company went online and offered the customers huge discounts for online hardcover and paperback versions (up to 30 %).Barnes and Noble wanted to become the leader in online bookselling by displacing other(a) online bookstores. They felt that online business offered much greater opportunities, as people could not find a bookstore with a variety. People from even other countries could do online shopping and improve the gross sales of the company. The investment over infrastructure and setting up a shop was much higher compared to a bookstore compared to online shopping. People, who did not have the time to search for a bookstore, could now do it setting in the comfort of their homes. This seemed to be one of the g reatest advantages of online shopping.Through online shopping, the books could be advertised and marketed and this could actually boost sales. Barnes and Noble operated a sorting facility in Jamesburg, and slowly this facility began to expand. They developed a very efficient strategy in comparison to Amazon, and claimed to bring the book to the customer much faster than what Amazon actually did. However, the operations of both, Barnes and Noble and Amazon were similar. Barnes and Noble also created better web features compared to Amazon. They also separated out the online operations from the bookstore in order to evade tax.This practice is considered to be unethical and illegal because it is the prime responsibility of a business to adhere to tax rules. At the back end of the operations, Barnes and Noble also tried to establish relations with the publishers and the wholesalers. One advantage the company had observed was that the operations were much lesser compared to a standard bo okstore as infrastructure costs were saved. Barnes and Noble soon began to offer to the online customers, books at the wholesale or warehouse rates. The company also offered several services.The software product tool of Barnes and Noble company permitted the customers to store personal data and also buy the books very easily. They also sign-language(a) up with several Internet organizations such as AOL and the New York Times to provide extra services. AOL provided software and news services. This is one good strategy as the communication technology is maximized and at the same time security issues are intact. As Barnes and Noble offered personalized services, it could be combined to the Harvesting model of substitution. Barnes and Noble also tried develop a website much richer than other websites.They began to involve the operations of the book supply system so as to improve the online strategy. The software technology utilized by Barnes and Noble was also much superior to prove th at the company rattling has a good business model. Barnes and Nobel website had its name already established in the online book market. They were seeking to make relationships with the customers and improve their business further. The graphics of the website that belonged to Barnes and Noble was much more esthetically pleasing compared to others. The main targets of the website were the buyers which is really a good strategy in business.Several benefits of the business model of the website gives focus on the costs of the books, marketing, advertisement, brand name, services provided, reputation, delivery time, discounts provided, range of after sales services, etc. Barnes and Noble is really a customer friendly website. Reference Barnes and Noble (2009), Books, Online. Retrieved February 18 2009 from http//www. barnesandnoble. com/bookstore. asp? z=y,. Barnes & Noble Booksellers (2009). Retrieved February 18 2009 from http//www. washingtonpost. com/gog/book-events/barnes-and-noble- booksellers- rockville,798835. html

Description of Bus Stop

The play, Bus Stop, is set in a diner in the mid 1900s during a big snow storm. It begins with a girl named Elma (who works at the diner) whom is talking to lady, that also works at the diner, named Grace. There is a big snow storm in the midst and they both ponder whether to keep the diner open incase the passengers need a place to stay. They go under to keep it open.Next the towns experienced and humble sheriff comes to the diner to watch over the bus passengers, also to inform Elma and Grace on the storms activeness and increasingly worse conditions. Cherie (a chanteuse from Topeka, Kansas) enters the diner frantically in effort to escape her sleeping captures. She convinces everyone that a man named Bo, whom fell in love with her when he adage her perform at the Blue Dragon nightclub where she works, and his friend Virgil kidnapped her after she got off of work.She explains that Bo wants to take her to his home in Montana where he has a large amount of money and get married. B us Stop takes on its plot from there with love, frustration and comedy. Bo tries to understand why the chanteuse Cherie does not love him. He realizes that no lady has ever turned him down because of the wealth he inherited. Virgil is constantly trying to make Bo comprehend what he is doing wrong in the ways of love, and how to slightness a woman right to win them over.Dr. Lymann becomes progressively drunker throughout the first night at the diner and becomes flirtatious with naive Elma. Grace and Carl end up leaving to rest and take a walk, when they both conspicuously imply that they will be with each other during that time. By reading this far-off in the play, the reader expects to learn what will happen with Bo and Cheries relationship and what this snow storm will entail for the rest of the characters.

Is the Death Penalty a Deterrent? Essay

No other topic in the eye socket of corrections receives more attention than the shoemakers finish penalisation (del Carmen). The unite States is adept of the few democracies in the macrocosm that still imposes a punishment of devastation, much due to the strength of public opinion. Since 1936, the G every last(predicate)up Poll revealed only unmatched year (1966) in which a minority of the population favored capital punishment, with only 45 percent stake. Support has remained fairly constant at around 70 percent through the year 2000 (National view Research Center).Many supporters arguments for the expiration penalization derive from the bullying hypothesis, which suggests that in order to encourage electric potential per frame of referenceanceers to avoid engaging in criminal homicide, society needs capital punishment. In other words, states with the remnant penalization should return lower homicide rates than states without the final stage penalization (Vo id, Bernard, and Snipes 201). In 2000, 42 percent of the United States population felt the death penalty acts as a deterrent to other potential murderers (National horizon Research Center).Scholars have long believed that if the public were more knowledgeable on the death penalty and its effects, support would non be so high (Shelden). Former Supreme administration Justice Thurgood Marshall, in his concord opinion in the case of Furman v. atomic number 31 (1972), verbalize that American citizens know almost nothing approximately capital punishment. Further, in what has become known as the Marshall Hypothesis, he stated that the average citizen who knows all the facts presently available regarding capital punishment would find it shocking to his conscience and sense of evaluator (Walker, Spohn, and DeLone 230).For example, a Gallup poll was give asking whether respondents supported the death penalty, then asked if they would support it if there were proof that the disince ntive supposition was incorrect. Twenty-four percent of the respondents showed a change in their support of capital punishment (Radelet and Akers). minimize chapiter punishment in the United States has gone though periods in which most states either abolished it in all or never used it, and periods in which it was commonly used (Shelden). The landmark Supreme Court decisions of Furman v. Georgia (1972) and Gregg v.Georgia (1976) rekindled the longstanding controversy surrounding capital punishment (Shelden). In Furman v. Georgia, the Court prove that the death penalty, as it was currently being administered, constituted cruel and unusual punishments, in violation of the Eighth and ordinal Amendments to the United States Constitution. This decision suspended all capital punishment in the United States, however, left valuation account for states to revise their current practices. Appeals began flowing through the Court and within four years of Furman, the Court do perhaps its most significant ruling on the matter (Shelden). In the case of Gregg v.Georgia (1976), the Court ruled, A punishment must not be excessive, moreover this does not mean that the states must render the minimal standards available. The imposition of the death penalty for the crime of murder does not violate the Constitution. The moratorium was lifted and a path cleargond for the first execution to take place in ten years. After a de facto abolition of capital punishment, it was reinstated in 1977 with the execution of Gary Gilmore by a firing squad in doh (Shelden). Currently, 38 states, the federal government, and the United States military continue to execute those convicted of capital murder.Illinois and Maryland have moratoriums hardened on the death penalty in their jurisdictions ( remainder Penalty Information Center). As recent as 2000, a number of jurisdictions in the United States have questioned the fairness and effectiveness of the death penalty. For instance, in Januar y of 2000, Governor George Ryan of Illinois declared a moratorium on all executions after(prenominal) the state had chuck up the sponged thirteen innocent inmates from death row in the same time it had executed twelve. Ryan then appointed a blue-ribbon Commission on Capital penalization to study the issue in greater detail.On January 10, 2003, Ryan pardoned four death row inmates after lengthy investigations revealing abuse of defendants rights, including torture during interrogation (Death Penalty Information Center). The following day (also his last day in office) Ryan granted clemency to all of the remaining 156 death row inmates in Illinois, as a result of the flawed process that led to these sentences. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, Ryans decision to grant todays commutations reflects his concern that Illinois death penalty system lacked uniform standards knowing to avoid arbitrary and inappropriate death sentences. It should be noted that the 156 cleme ncies did not result in the release of the inmates, since many still face life in prison. disincentive Theory According to Siegel, deterrence is specify as the act of preventing a crime before it occurs by means of the threat of criminal sanctions deterrence involves the perception that the pain of apprehension and punishment outweighs any chances of criminal gain or profit (616). The theory of deterrence stemmed from the work of Cesare Beccaria, who has been known as the leader of the classical instill of thought (del Carmen 21).Beccaria received a degree from the University of Pavia in Italy in 1758. Upon graduating, he embarked on working as a mathematician, but soon became interested in politics and economics. Beccaria met regularly with Allessandro Verri, an official of the prison in Milan, and his brother Pietro Verri, an economist, in a group of young men who met to discuss philosophical and literary topics (Void, Bernard, and Snipes). In March 1763, Beccaria was given th e responsibility of writing an essay on the topic of penology. With little knowledge in the field, he went to the Verri brothers for assistance and drafted the essay.In 1764, his influential essay, On aversions and Punishments was published (del Carmen). He listed ten principles proposing various see the lights to make criminal justice practices more logical and rational (Void, Bernard, and Snipes). Becarrias work is known to be one of the first wails for reform in the treatment of criminals. His concept that the punishment should fit the crime, was a major contribution to the classical school of thought. Beccaria felt severe punishment was not necessary and the only reason to punish was to assure the law of continuation of society and to deter others from committing crimes.Further, deterrence stemmed from appropriate, prompt, and inevitable punishment, rather than severe punishment. Regarding the death penalty, Beccaria believed it did not deter others and was an act of brutal ity and violence by the state (del Carmen). Finally, in one of Beccarias ten recommendations he argued that punishments that include excessive virulence not only fail to deter crime, but actually change magnitude it (Void, Bernard, and Snipes). The theory of deterrence was neglected for about a century. Then, in 1968, criminologists sparked an emergence of interest when Jack P.Gibbs published the first study that attempted to test the deterrence hypothesis (Void, Bernard, and Snipes). The certainty of punishment was defined, by Gibbs, as the ratio between the number of prisoners admitted for a given year and the number of crimes known to police in the prior year. Gibbs defined severity of punishment as the mean number of months served by all persons convicted of a given crime who were in prison in that year. His look for found that greater certainty and severity were associated with fewer homicides for the year 1960.Gibbs concluded that both certainty and severity of imprisonment might deter homicide. Charles R. shred analyzed similar statistics regarding certainty and severity of punishment for the seven index offenses in the FBI Uniform Crime Reports (Void, Bernard, and Snipes). Tittle concluded that the certainty of imprisonment deters crime, but that severity only deters crime when certainty is quite a high (Void, Bernard, and Snipes). In 1978, the National Academy of Sciences produced a report that concentrated on previous deterrence research and found that more evidence favored a deterrent effect than evidence that was against it.Void, Bernard, and Snipes stated that the deterrent effectiveness of the death penalty is probably the single most researched topic in the surface area of criminology. In 1998, Daniel Nagin reviewed studies of deterrence and argued that deterrence research has evolved into three types of literature. Of the three, one of these types identified examines criminal justice policies in varying jurisdictions and the crime rate af filiated with the policies to determine if there is a deterrent effect. Void, Bernard, and Snipes recognized that a large number of studies have been conducted regarding this issue however the results have been inconclusive.For example, the deterrence hypothesis implies that death penalty states should have lower homicide rates than states without the death penalty. As Gibbs and Tittles research showed, however, death penalty states have considerably higher murder rates than non-death penalty states. Void, Bernard, and Snipes conclude that, more than likely, this results from states implementing the death penalty due to higher murder rates. Radelet and Akers state that because of little empirical support for general deterrence and the death penalty, most criminologists have concluded that capital punishment does not reduce crime.Furthermore, several researchers have found that the death penalty actually increases homicides (Bailey). Thorsten Sellin, one of the leading authorities on capital punishment, has suggested that if the death penalty deters prospective murderers, the following hypothesis should be true (a) Murders should be less frequent in states that have the death penalty than in those that have abolished it, other factors being equal. Comparisons of this nature must be make among states that are as alike as possible in all other respects constituent of population, social and economic condition, etc. in order not to introduce factors known to influence murder rates in a serious manner but presently in only one of these states. (b) Murders should increase when the death penalty is abolished and should decline when it is restored. (c) The deterrent effect should be greatest and should thereof involve murder rates most powerfully in those communities where the crime occurred and its consequences are most strongly brought foundation to the population. (d) Law enforcement officers would be safer from murderous attacks in states that have the death p enalty than in those without it.Sellins research indicates that not one of these conjectures is true. Further, his statistics illustrate that there is no correlation between the murder rate and the nominal head or absence of capital crimes. For example, Sellin compares states with similar characteristics and finds that regardless of the states position on capital punishment, they have similar murder rates. Finally, Sellins study concluded that abolition and/or reintroduction of the death penalty had no significance on the homicide rates of the various states involved. Summary The death penalty has long been one of the most debated issues in the American justice system.Most advocates claim that the punishment protects society by deterring murderers from repeatedly committing their crimes. Additionally, proponents proclaim that criminals have a better chance of choosing not to commit murder if the death penalty is a possible sanction. On the other end, opponents of the death penalty argue that no study has convincingly shown enough evidence of such a deterrent effect. In fact, they argue that most studies have not only shown the lack of a deterrent effect, but have conversely suggested that punishment by death might even have a brutalization effect.In other words, they suggest that criminal executions treat society by legitimating the killing of human beings, which ultimately leads to an increase in the rates of criminal homicide. Deterrence basically refers to the ideology that punishing persons who commit crime prevents other similarly disposed individuals from doing so. There are two existing types of deterrence, specific and general. Death penalty proponents argue for the importance of specific deterrence and its intervention effect in protecting society from a second crime from the same offender, who could easily remit or be released while imprisoned.In other words, this simply means that the death penalty takes past the opportunity for the offender to commit murder again. This type of deterrence obviously only deters the concerned offender. In this case, it is certain that punishment by death acts as a specific deterrent in nose candy% of the cases since a deceased offender will never have the opportunity to recidivate. As for general deterrence, it assumes that the thought of the death penalty as a potential cost of offending acts as a form of dissuasion.It is believed that punishment by death is considered by offenders when they are committing their acts, which would then convince them to not act and therefore result in a lesser probability of them committing their crimes. Additionally, proponents of the death penalty argue that such a punishment is the only solution to deter imprisoned offenders from killing other inmates or guardians while incarcerated. Without the death penalty as a possible sanction, a murderer incarcerated for life would not have anything to dawdle by killing again.With the death penalty as a possibilit y, the inmate has his life to lose.Works CitedBailey, William C. Deterrence, Brutalization, and the Death Penalty. Criminology 36. 4 (1998) 711-33. Cockburn, Alexander. Hate Versus Death. Nation 272, 10 (2001) 9-11. Death Penalty Information Center. Whats New, 2008 del Carmen, Alejandro. Corrections. Madison, Wise Coursewise Publishing, 2000 Chiricos, Theodore G. and Gordon P. Waldo. Punishment and Crime An Examination of Some Empirical Evidence. Social Forces 18. 2 (1970) 200-17.

Leaving the Cave by John Artibello Essay

It is only through a mans deliberate attempt to understand his world and ultimately himself that he is able to achieve a sincerely meaningful life. True, ignorance saves a psyche from the tedious process of knowing the answers to every difficult question, yet it is ignorance that imprisons the somebody to what is superficial and illusory. In a day and age of a market-driven society, people easily fall into the restrain of the same run-of-the-mill desire for material things and for the glitz and vivid colors of the media (Artibello YEAR).Indeed, so much so that their blind adherence to material and physical pleasures prevent them from breaking away of such a cycle. much(prenominal) a problem is not new but in fact has been addressed by Socrates both thousand years ago. He said that most men cannot see beyond the illusions of life and ar stuck with the shallow and false appearances of the world the surface level.This is so because they are like men chained to the ground inside t he caves since childbirth that they are unable to plumb the true meaning of what they see. However, once a person is set free to investigate the outside world, he will at once begin to behold reality in all its overwhelming plenitude, and from there pursue, a life full of meaning and consequence and then achieve lasting happiness (Artibello YEAR).ReferenceArtibello, J. (YEAR). Leaving the cave. Insert PLACE OF PUBLICATION PUBLISHER.

Krugman Analysis

The Story fag end Financial Deregulation a. Wild Optimism & the Deregulation Movement b. The authoritiesal Influence of the Financial empyrean (and the Wealthy in General) PART II THE SOLUTION Section 3 The Solution is organisation Stimulus (and a Few Other Reforms) 7. The Solution is Government Stimulus 8. protest 1 Government Stimulus Doesnt Spur the Economy (and Response) a. Exhibit A The Great Depression b. The initial Stimulus Effort Was Too Small(a) 9. Solution Specifics a. Stimulus Specifics b. Additional federal official Reserve make upions c. ho drill Relief (et. L. ) 10. remonstrance 2 The Danger of Government Debt (and Response) . The Problem of Investor Confidence b. The Problem of Paying false the Debt in the Future 1 1 . Objection 3 The Danger of Inflation (and Response) Section 4 The Chances of Government Stimulus Being Implemented (and How to Improve Them) 12. Pragmatic Politics and the Coming Election a. An Obama sweep up b. An Obama Win, and a Divided P arliament c. A Ro maveny Victory 13. Conclusion Since the trapping and pecuniary crash of 2008, Americas parsimony has been stuck deep in the doldrums.Indeed, snap has remained headspring beneath pre-2008 levels, and employment levels pitch one across failed to recover. In an effort to bring to the stinting system, the Ameri green goddess governing essay graduation exercise to Jump-start it by means of stimulus spending, and has with let out delay replaced this approach with great austerity. Nothing appears to be working. For Nobel Prize winning economist capital of Minnesota Grumman, though, the answer is clear the problem is that the master stimulus effort was too small, and, since that sequence, the government is moving squarely in the maltreat direction.Indeed, Grumman argues that Americas modern shoes bares a striking resemblance to the stag republic of the Great Depression, and that history has taught us what to do in such situations the overspent must t ake an aggressive approach to wee the economy into reco rattling. This is the argument that Grumman makes in his new control End This Depression Now Now, Grumman is non a proponent of big government spending infra normal conditions. Indeed, even in a recession, Germans preferred approach is to drop rice beer grade in put up to spur consumer spending.The problem now is that interest rates are already at zero, and this has not been ample to protrude consumer spending off the ground, thus leaving the economy in what is called a fluidity trap. For Grumman, the liquidity trap is genuinely quite common in economic floorturns that al scummy fiscal crashes (as is the slipperiness with the current one, and as was the contingency with the Great Depression), and is why such rejects tend to be deep and prolonged. harmonise to Grumman, the best and surest way to save the economy from a liquidity trap is for the government to step in and undertake the spending that consumers won t.That is, the government must stimulate the economy go on up into action, until consumers can meet back on their feet enough to take over for themselves. For Grumman, this is precisely what happened in America during WI, when the governments military spending served to stimulate the economy and save it from the rips of the Great Depression. Now, Germans opponents entrust dapple out that the American government has already tried the stimulus approach during this downturn, and that this strategy did not work, thus showing that it cannot be relied upon.Whats more, these same opponents argue that the governments debt is already enormous, and indeed dangerously high, and that further government spending at this point may well kip down the debt completely unmanageable, if not force the government into insolvency (which is indeed a threat that is currently being face up by several countries in the European Union). Finally, Germans detractors maintain that pumping more money into th e economy at this time provided threatens to drive up inflation to dangerous levels, perhaps even triggering a hyperinflation spiral.Grumman, though, claims that he has answers to all of these objections. In the first place, as noted above, the motive maintains that the adversity of the governments first stimulus effort did not prove that this approach is in hard-hitting, plainly that it simply wasnt large enough to do the trick. Second, Grumman argues that though government debt does plant a concern, Americas debt is actually not that dangerous by historical tankards. Whats more, since America has its own currency (unlike the countries of the European Union), it is able to print money to turn over its debt, thus preventing the possibility of bankruptcy.Finally, with regards to inflation, Grumman contends that inflation simply cannot get off the ground in a dispirited economy (as the current situation would attest to), and that when it is triggered in an upturn the government can always reverse its policy, thus keeping it firmly in check. Here is Paul Grumman speaking or so his new book (Part II of the interview is available on Youth) http//www. Tube. Com/watch? What follows is a full executive summary of End This Depression NOW By Paul Grumman.PART l THE fuss Grumman begins by way of establishing the gravity of the problems that Americas economy is currently facing. This can be seen in the poem. To begin with, determine Americas Gross Domestic Product (GAP). As Grumman notes, GAP channelises the total value of goods and services that are produced in an economy, adjusted for inflation In a given period of time (loc. 274). As such, GAP provides a global picture of how some(prenominal) an economy is producing, and how quickly it is developing.Between the Great Depression and the beginning of the current recession, Americas GAP grew at an average rate of amidst 2% to 2. 5% per year (loc. 277). The biggest downturn during this time occurred between 1979 and 1982, when Americas economy experienced a double dip recession-?which Grumman characterizes as basically two recessions in close taking over that are best viewed as basically a single slump with a stutter in the middle (loc. 283). At the low point of this recession, in 1982, Americas authoritative GAP was 2 pct below its previous peak (loc. 83), meaning it basically went flat. However, the author continues, the economy rebounded very quickly in the nimble aftermath, growing at a 7 percent rate for the next two years-?morning in America-?and then(prenominal) returned to its normal growth track (loc. 283). When we look at the latest recession, we find that the low point occurred between 2007 and 2009. When compared with the recession of the late sasss and early sasss, we find that the latest plunge As steeper and sharper, with real GAP falling 5 percent over the course of eighteen months (loc. 287). Whats more, the American economy has not seen a strong recovery this tim e most, as growth since the official end of the recession has actually been degrade than normal (loc. 287). All in all, the author claims, the U. S. Economy is currently operating about 7 percent below its potential (loc. 295), and has mixed-up $3 trillion in value since the slump began (loc. 299).Most operative of all, though, is that the economy shows no signs of a major come back any time soon thus guide Grumman to conclude that at this point well be very lucky if we get away with a cumulative output passing game of only $5 trillion (loc. 299). . Unemployment Is Way Up While the GAP numbers are certainly telling, the more significant numbers, according to Grumman, are those concerning unemployment. As the author reminds us, unemployment statistics cover only those who are looking for work but who cant find it, and in December 2011 that amounted to more than 13 one thousand thousand Americans, up from 6. 8 million in 2007 (loc. 94). This is already a staggering number, but when you take into narration all of those sight who have stopped looking for work out of frustration, or who have taken part-time work out of desperation, this number balloons even Geiger by this broader measure there are about 24 million unemployed Americans -?about 15 percent of the workforce-?roughly double the number to begin with the crisis (loc. 202). And since the current slump has dragged on so long, the number of people who have been out of work long (meaning 6 months to 1 year, or longer loc. 224) has risen to levels not seen since the Great Depression.Indeed, Grumman writes that not since the sasss have so many Americans engraft themselves trapped in a permanent stats of Joblessness (loc. 228). The unemployment numbers are particularly important, the author argues, since hey bring home the human element of the story. Indeed, while GAP statistics re stage the abstract loss of an stallion economy, unemployment numbers reflect the loss of income of real people. Whats more, unemployment not only regards income, but self-esteem as well people who want to work but cant find work suffer greatly, not Just from the loss of income but from a diminished sense of self-worth.And thats a major reason why mass unemployment-?which has now been going on for years-?is such a tragedy (loc. 173). Adding to the tragedy here is the fact that those who are shut out of the Job market or long stretches end up being stigmatize, which can hurt their prospects of arrive work in the future Does being unemployed for a long time really fret work skills, and make you a poor lease? Does the fact that you were one of the long-term unemployed indicate that you were a loser in the first place? Maybe not, but many employers think it does, and for the doer that may be all that matters.Lose a Job in this economy, and its very hard to find other stay unemployed long enough, and you will be considered unemployable (loc. 241). While all of these factors have very such affected people who were already in the Job market, it has been even worse for young people who had not yet established themselves before the recession peach. Indeed, unemployment levels among the young tend to be higher than the general population in the best of times, but in the worst of times they tend to get hit even harder. As Grumman notes, truly , this is a terrible time to be youngRoughly one in four recent graduates is either unemployed or working only part-time. There has withal been a notable drop in wages for those who do have full-time Jobs that dont make use of their education (loc. 249-58). 3. The Potential Long- margin Consequences When it comes to the plight of young people, as well as those who have found themselves shut out of the Job market for an ext finish period, these phenomena not only affect those instanter involved, but to a fault threaten to damage the economy in the long term. This proves to be the case because, as mentioned, present unemployment, or underempl oyment, can threaten future opportunities.As Grumman explains, if workers who have been Jobless for extended periods come to be seen as unemployable, thats a long-term reduction in the economys effective workforce, and hence in its productive capacity. The plight of college graduates squeeze to take Jobs that dont use their skills is nearlywhat similar as time goes by, they may find themselves demoted, at to the lowest degree in the eyes of potential employers, to the status of low- skilled workers, which will mean that their education goes to waste (loc. 324). And lost employment opportunities is not the only way that a prolonged slump can adversely affect future economic performance.As Grumman argues, an extended downturn tends to deter businesses from enthronisation in and expanding their operations, which can leave them in a position where they are unable to meet emend when the economy finally does turn round and demand picks up the problem is that if and when the economy finally does recover, it will bump up against capacity limits and intersection bottlenecks much sooner than it would have if the persistent slump hadnt given businesses every reason to stop investing in the future (loc. 328).Germans claim that an extended economic downturn does in fact have significant long time repercussions is bolstered by an MIFF study that looked at previous recessions. As the author explains, the multinational Monetary Fund has tidied the aftermath of past fiscal crises in a number of countries, and its findings are deep disturbing not only do such crises inflict severe short-run damage they seem to take a huge long-term toll as well, with growth and employment shifted more or less permanently onto a lower track (loc. 41). Even more important, for Grumman, is that there is also leaven that a concerted effort to pull an economy up out of a slump can mitigate the future damage (loc. 341). For the author, then, the message is clear America is in the midst of a very serious and damaging slump the longer the country remains in the slump, the worse things ill be in the long run. As such, we must take swift and direct action to extricate the nation from the current situation.Before we take a look at what form Grumman thinks this action should take, it well help to regard the authors assessment of the current situation, and what he thinks landed the country here to begin with. According to Grumman, while Americas current situation is really quite dire, the reason why the country finds itself in this situation is really rather simple. It all has to do with demand why is unemployment so high, and economic output so low? Because we-?where by We I mean consumers, businesses, and governments combined-?arent spending enough E are suffering from a severe boilers suit lack of demand (loc. 453-62). Actually, this whole scenario is unfolding as somewhat of a domino effect, as is the case with all downturns. To be specific, consumers have stopped spe nding, which means that businesses do not feel the need to hire more employees and/or ramp up achievement and since production is down, governments are earning less revenue through taxes, and are themselves more reluctant to spend (loc. 459). So, how does a country get itself out of this kind of slump?Under normal circumstances Americas Central Bank (the Federal Reserve), would pump more money into the economy, thereby lowering the interest rate (by the law of supply and demand) (loc. 554-59, 590). This has the effect of making credit cheaper, which spurs individuals to lower their savings and consumer more, thus pulling the economy out of the slump. As Grumman reports, this strategy has proven to be very effective over the years it worked spectacularly after the severe recession of 1981-82, which the Fed was able to turn within a few months into a rapid economic recovery -?morning in America.It worked, albeit more tardily and more hesitantly, after the 1990-91 and 2001 recession s (loc. 559). The problem this time around is that when the recession hit in 2008 interest rates were already at the rock bottom rate of zero percent, meaning the Fed could not lower them any further (loc. 594). Since that time the interest rate has remained at zero, but, through it all, even this has not been enough to spur consumer spending to the point where it has been able to rescue the economy from its slump.When interest rates are at zero, and people still arent spending, you have what is called a liquidity trap. As Grumman explains, its what happens when zero isnt low enough, when the Fed has sodding(a) the economy with liquidity to such an extent that theres no cost to holding more cash, yet boilers suit demand remains IoW (loc. 596). And for the author, this is the crux of the issue. According to Grumman, a major part of the problem this time around is that when the latest recession hit, a large number of Americans were already deep in debt due to the housing crash, as w ell as other personal debt.What this meant is that even at zero percent interest a vast number of Americans could not afford to resume pending, for they had to get out of their debilitating debt first (loc. 755, 774, 2240). Nor is that the worst of it. Indeed, one of the most straightforward ways to get out of debt is to sell off your assets. scarce when a large number of people try to sell off their assets (including their houses) all at once, this drives down the price of the assets, thus reducing the amount of money that people can raise in order to pay off their debt, thus exacerbating the problem (loc. 63). yet theres more As the prices of assets fall, the purchasing office of money correspondingly emergences (called fellatio), and this increases the relative burden of debt (for the money that you are paying back your debt with is ever change magnitude in value), thus complicating the matter even further (loc. 767). 5. The Root of the Problem The Deregulation of the Financ ial Sector Now, a lot has been made of the issue of how Americans came to be so indebted in the first place, for this was a major part of why the current problem is so perverting.Commentators on the right tend to institutionalize borrowers who took out loans that they were not in a position to pay back, as well as government supported agencies who provided cheap loans to under-funded home-owners (loc. 059). Commentators on the left, on the other hand, tend to put the blame on deregulation in the financial industry, which allowed banking and investiture companies to take on undue risk, as well as the banking and investment companies themselves who took advantage of the situation by way of providing loans to overly-risky borrowers. Grumman himself is primarily in the latter camp.To begin with, Grumman claims that the vast majority of bad mortgage loans were made by private firms, not the much maligned government-sponsored Fannies Mae and Freddie Mac (loc. 1072) who, the author con tends, got into the bad mortgage name only very late (loc. 1072), and not nearly to the extent that private companies did (loc. 1072). But the root of the problem, according to Grumman, is the steady deregulation of the financial industry that began under Reagan in the sasss, and that culminated with the Grammar-Leach-Bailey Act of 1999, which repealed a readying of the Glass-Steal Act.Glass-Steal was a bill passed in 1933 to deal with the ongoing Great Depression (loc. 977). The major provision in the bill was that commercial banking deposits would be insured up to a certain point by the federal government (loc. 977). This was meant o restore confidence in banks, many of whom had fallen to bank runs in the previous years (loc. 977). The issue with insuring bank deposits, though, is that this creates a virtuous hazard for the banks. For the banks know that they will finally be bailed out by the government (meaning taxpayers) if they fall into insolvency (loc. 86) and, as such, th ey are tempted to make overly-risky investments. As Grumman explains, it could have created a situation in which bankers could raise lots of money, no questions asked-?hey, its all government insured-?then put that money into high-risk, high stakes investments, curing that it was heads they win, tails taxpayers lose (loc. 986). In order to protect against this moral hazard, the legislators arse Glass-Steal also included a provision that stipulated that commercial banks could not act as investment banks. This was meant to keep commercial bank deposits unspoilt from overly-risky investments.As Grumman notes, any bank accepting deposits was restricted to the business of making loans you couldnt use depositors funds to speculate in stock markets or commodities, and in fact you couldnt house such speculative activities under the same institutional roof (loc. 990). In 1999, though, this provision of the Glass-Steal Act was repealed by the Grammar-Leach-Bailey Act (loc. 1017). According to Grumman, this move was the height of irresponsibility, and was a major contributor to the extreme risk-taking environment that led directly to the financial crash of 2008 (loc. 007-1017). For the author, though, the repealing of Glass-Steal was not the only article of deregulation that prompted the crash. Indeed, he identifies several pieces of anti-regulatory legislation that also had a hand to play in triggering the whole mess, from President Carters Monetary Control Act of 1980 (which ended isolations that had prevented banks from paying interest on many kinds of deposits loc. 1003) to President Reggaes Garn-SST. German Act of 1982 (which relaxed restrictions on the kinds of loans banks could make loc. 003) to the failure of legislators to keep up with new innovations in the financial industry, such as shadow banks (loc. 1029-42). Now, unlike some left-wing commentators, Grumman is not prepared to let consumers off the hook entirely for the debt problems that complicated the c rash. Indeed, the author (following the economic thinker Hyman Minsk) argues that a big actor behind the growth of consumer debt in the recent past was a general natural tendency for people to forget about the dangers of debt during good times (loc. 733, 798-815).As Grumman explains, an economy with low debt tends to be an economy in which debt looks safe, an economy in which the memory of the bad things debt can do fades into the mists of history. all over time, the perception that debt is safe leads to more relaxed lending standards businesses and families alike develop the habit of borrowing and the overall level of leverage in the economy rises (loc. 810). As the quote makes clear, the optimism in question touched all Americans, not Just the lenders, and so all involved deserve some share of the responsibility (loc. 33, 806). 6. The Story Behind Financial Deregulation According to Grumman, though, it was ultimately the lack of regulations that allowed this selective memory and wild optimism to become dangerous, for the regulations were essentially keeping these sentiments in check (loc. 838). Now, it may rightly be said that the same emotions that led to growing debt also influenced the legislation that allowed it to become dangerous in the end (loc. 40). But for Grumman, there were other reasons behind financial deregulation that are also important to consider.For one, even before regulations were removed from the financial field, the government had already begun to deregulate other industries (such as air travel, trucking, and oil and gas) (loc. 999-1003). These reforms had led to significant gains in efficiency in these industries (loc. 999), and thus many were optimistic that the same approach would work in the financial sector. The problem, as Grumman points out, is that banking is not like trucking, and the effect of deregulation was not so such to encourage efficiency as to encourage risk taking (loc. 007). B. The Political Influence of the Finan cial Sector (and the Wealthy in General) all over and above the factors mentioned above, though, Grumman argues that there is a still more sinister explanation behind the deregulation of the financial sector. And this has to do with the political influence of those who benefited most from it the bankers themselves. Take the Grammar-Leach-Bailey Act of 1999, for instance (which, you will recall, revoked a authoritative regulatory provision of the Glass-Steal Act).As Grumman points out, the gassing of the Act was largely influenced by the lobbying of Citron and Travelers Group, who in 1998 had wanted to combine to become Citreous, but who had encountered obstacles due to Glass- Steal (loc. 1043, 1357-65). And even before this, the political elite stood in excuse of increasing deregulation, despite initial indications that the measures were problematic (loc. 1414, 1130). Indeed, as Grumman is wont to stress, the problems posed by deregulation did not begin with the financial crash of 2008.Instead, they began to surface even in the sasss when the banking sector was first deregulated. For instance, in 1989 the Federal government was forced to shut down the thrift banking industry due to a collapse induce by bad debt (loc. 1099-1120). A desperate move that put taxpayers on the hook for $130 zillion (loc. 1120). Then, in the sasss, further difficulties arose when several large commercial banks over-extended themselves in lending to commercial real-estate developers (loc. 1119).Finally, in 1998, with much of the emerging world in financial crisis, the failure of a single hedge fund, Long Term Capital Management, froze financial markets in much the same way that the failure f Lehman Brothers would freeze markets a decade later (loc. 1123). For Grumman, all of these events should have acted as clear model signs that there was something seriously wrong with financial deregulation (loc. 1 125-30). So why did the political elite fail to heed the warning signs? For Gr umman, this become a good deal more understandable when we appreciate how profitable deregulation was for the financial sector (loc. 142), and how much influence this sector has on government. Indeed, as the author points out, while deregulation did virtually nothing to increase the incomes of middle class families (loc. 137, 1190), the move was a great boon to the wealthy (loc. 1142, 1201), and specially the bankers themselves (loc. 1300, 1418). In addition, its no secret that the wealthy, and the financial sector in particular, has a major influence on government (loc. 1351). This influence exists not only in the form of significant monetary contributions (loc. 346), but in the two-way cross-over between the financial sector and political office (loc. 1380, 1392). Whats more, the influence of the wealthy has been increasing as the rich have gotten richer since the time when deregulation first took off (loc. 1388). Section 3 The Solution is Government Stimulus (and a Few Other Ref orms) 7. The Solution is Government Stimulus Grumman certainly maintains that reforms in financial sector regulations are needed if the country is to avoid falling into future debacles such as it finds itself in presently.For him, though, the more important question has to do with how to get the country out of its current situation. As you will recall, Grumman contends that Americas problem now is that it is in the midst of a liquidity trap. That is, interest rates are already at zero, and yet this still isnt enough to reignite consumer pending. Whats more, since consumers arent spending, businesses have no reason to hire workers and/or expand their operations, and so they arent spending either (loc. 461). Any yet, for Grumman, this lack of spending is very much the internality of the problem.So what can be done? According to Grumman, the answer is simple the government must step in and take over the role of spending (loc. 879). As the author puts it, the essential point is that wh at we need to get out of this current depression is another burst of government spending. Is it really that simple? Would it really be that easy? Basically, yes (loc. 688). Germans argument is that government spending will put money into the hands of the people, who will then be able to recover enough to resume spending themselves.As consumer spending increases, businesses will increase production and hire more workers, thus fully pulling the economy out of its current slump (loc. 679). 8. Objection 1 Government Stimulus Doesnt Spur the Economy (and Response) Now, some argue that government spending doesnt actually increase demand and spur the economy at all, since, they claim, all it really does is take resources from one sector of the economy and transfer them to another.The argument is well-rendered by Brian Riddle of the right wing thing tank the hereditary pattern Foundation, who Grumman quotes in his book the grand Keynesian myth is that you can spend money and thereby incre ase demand. And its a myth because Congress does not have a vault of money to distribute in the economy. Every dollar Congress injects into the economy must first be taxed or borrowed out of the economy. Youre not creating new demand youre Just transferring it from one group of people to another (loc. 474).Now, for Grumman, this argument may hold true under normal circumstances, when banks are lending and companies are competing for resources (loc. 2369). But in a demoralize economy this is not the case. Rather, in such a situation banks are not lending because safe investments net very little profit, and risky investments are, well, too risky (loc. 2369). So in a depressed economy, resources go unused by the private sector (loc. 2079). This being the case, government spending does not mislay private spending rather, it does nothing but increase demand